AXIOM-4 (Ax-4)   Why in News?Axiom Mission 4 (Ax-4) is a historic private spaceflight to the International Space Station, featuring India’s return to human spaceflight after 41 years. About Axiom Mission 4Axiom Mission 4 (Ax-4) is the fourth private astronaut mission to the International Space Station (ISS), organized by Axiom Space in collaboration with NASA, SpaceX, and ISRO. The Ax-4 crew includes members from India, Poland, and Hungary, marking each nation’s first mission to the space station in history and second government-sponsored human spaceflight mission in over 40 years.   Shubhanshu Shuklabecame India’s second national astronaut to go to space since 1984. Sławosz Uznański-Wiśniewski, European Space Agency (ESA) project astronaut, is the second Polish astronaut since 1978. Tibor Kapu is the second national Hungarian astronaut since 1980. Peggy Whitson is commanding her second commercial human spaceflight mission, adding to her standing record for the longest cumulative time in space by an American astronaut. Ax-4 is the second commercial spaceflight mission made up of government and ESA-sponsored national astronauts. The Ax-4 mission stands as a beacon of opportunity for India, Poland, and Hungary, each poised to leverage this mission to advance their national space programs. Objectives: Enable commercial activities in low Earth orbit, including space tourism and private research. Demonstrate the feasibility of commercial space stations as platforms for business and science. Strengthen international collaboration in space exploration. Conduct scientific experiments in microgravity, focusing on materials science, biology, Earth observation, and life sciences. Mission Timeline: Launch: Axiom Mission 4 (Ax-4) launched from Launch Complex 39A at the Kennedy Space Centre in Florida, USA on June 25. Return: The Axiom Mission 4 crew safely splashed down off the coast of California aboard SpaceX Dragon “Grace” on July 15.       Rashtram Institute Rashtram Institute for Civil Services is destined to provide you the best curated content for civil services examination on both mains and prelims perspective. Follow us for more such content…. To register, call: 9964152111Seats are filling fast — register today and step into the exam hall with full confidence! Address: Jaynagar last, Bus Stop, Saptapur, Dharwad, Karnataka 580001

PRECISION FARMING PRECISION FARMING What is Precision Farming? Precision agriculture (PA) is a modern farming approach that focuses on using smart technologies like Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), drones, and data analytics. The goal is to optimize inputs (like water, fertilizers, and pesticides) based on site-specific conditions to maximize yield, minimize waste, and reduce environmental impact. Why Precision Farming is Crucial for India: Fragmented Land Holdings: With an average landholding size of 1-hectare, Indian farmers need targeted solutions to maximize output. Water Scarcity: Agriculture uses 80% of India’s freshwater. Precision irrigation (like drip systems) can drastically cut usage. Climate Change: Data-driven decisions help farmers adapt to erratic weather patterns. Low Productivity: India’s yield per hectare is lower than global averages. Technology can bridge this gap. Advantages: Resource Optimization: Precision farming ensures judicious use of water, fertilizers, and pesticides, reducing waste and lowering production costs. Environmental Benefits: Reducing the use of chemicals minimizes soil and water contamination, promoting sustainable agricultural practices. Increased Productivity: By monitoring field variability, farmers can tailor inputs to meet the specific needs of crops, leading to improved yield and efficiency. Risk Management: Through real-time data collection and analysis, farmers can make informed decisions, reducing risks related to unpredictable weather and crop diseases. Challenges: Data Management: Processing and interpreting large amounts of data requires specialized software and skills, which are not always available to small-scale farmers. High Initial Cost: The upfront cost of equipment like drones, soil sensors, and automated irrigation systems remains high. For small and marginal farmers with limited capital, such investments often seem unaffordable without external financial assistance or government subsidies. This cost barrier discourages many from experimenting with precision technologies, especially in states where credit access is poor.   Technical Expertise: Farmers often lack training to operate precision tools or interpret data, limiting effective usage. Digital Divide: Poor internet connectivity in rural areas restricts access to digital platforms and real-time farm advisory. Steps taken by India: National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) and Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY): focus on water-use efficiency and soil health monitoring. Promoted the use of drones, soil health cards, and satellite-based monitoring. Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI): will provide farmers with access to technology and information. Way Forward: Subsidies & Credit Support: Provide targeted subsidies and easy credit for purchasing precision tools, especially for small and marginal farmers. Training & Capacity Building: Set up village-level training centers and integrate Agri-tech modules into Krishi Vigyan Kendra’s (KVKs) to build farmer skills. Strengthen Digital Infrastructure: Expand rural internet access under Bharat Net and promote offline-capable apps for real-time agricultural support. Promote FPOs & CHCs: Encourage Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) and Custom Hiring Centers (CHCs) to share expensive technologies collectively. Public-Private Partnerships (PPP): Foster collaboration between startups, Agri-tech firms, and government bodies for innovation and affordable service delivery.   KAS Mains 2025: Discuss on how precision farming helps in improving the yield and quality of pulses and oilseeds in India.        (10 marks) – GS-3       Rashtram Institute Rashtram Institute for Civil Services is destined to provide you the best curated content for civil services examination on both mains and prelims perspective. Follow us for more such content…. To register, call: 9964152111Seats are filling fast — register today and step into the exam hall with full confidence! Address: Jaynagar last, Bus Stop, Saptapur, Dharwad, Karnataka 580001

Maratha Military Landscapes of India   Why in news? ‘Maratha Military Landscapes of India’ got inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List, becoming India’s 44th property to receive this recognition. remarkable decision taken at the 47th Session of the World Heritage Committee, held in Paris, France. What are the Maratha Military Landscapes? The ‘Maratha Military Landscapes’ is a network of 12 forts and fortifications that represent the extraordinary military system and strategy of the Maratha rulers in the 17th-19th centuries. Spread across the states of Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu, the selected sites, include Salher, Shivneri, Lohgad, Khanderi, Raigad, Rajgad, Pratapgad, Suvarnadurg, Panhala, Vijaydurg, and Sindhudurg in Maharashtra, along with Gingee Fort in Tamil Nadu. While Shivneri fort, Lohgad, Raigad, Suvarnadurg, Panhala fort, Vijaydurg, Sindhudurg and Gingee fort are protected under the Archaeological Survey of India whereas Salher fort, Rajgad, Khanderi fort and Pratapgarh are protected by the Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Maharashtra. Located across a range of diverse terrains—from coastal outposts to hilltop strongholds – these forts reflect a sophisticated understanding of geography and strategic defense planning. Together, they form a cohesive military landscape that highlights the innovation and regional adaptation of fortification traditions in India. Salher, Shivneri, Lohgad, Raigad, Rajgad, and Gingee are situated in hilly terrains and are therefore known as hill forts. Pratapgad, nestled within dense woods, is classified as a hill-forest fort. Panhala, located on a plateaued hill, is a hill-plateau fort. Vijaydurg, positioned along the shoreline, is a notable coastal fort, while Khanderi, Suvarnadurg, and Sindhudurg, surrounded by the sea, are recognized as island forts. UNESCO World Heritage Sites of India: Cultural sites  Agra Fort(1983) Ajanta Caves(1983) Archaeological Site of Nalanda Mahavihara at Nalanda, Bihar(2016) Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi(1989) Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park(2004) Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus)(2004) Churches and Convents of Goa(1986) Dholavira: A Harappan City(2021) Elephanta Caves(1987) Ellora Caves(1983) Fatehpur Sikri(1986) Great Living Chola Temples(1987, 2004) Group of Monuments at Hampi(1986) Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram(1984) Group of Monuments at Pattadakal(1987) Hill Forts of Rajasthan(2013) Historic City of Ahmadabad(2017) Humayun’s Tomb, Delhi(1993) Jaipur City, Rajasthan(2019) Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple, Telangana(2021) Khajuraho Group of Monuments(1986) Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya(2002) Maratha Military Landscapes of India(2025) Moidams – the Mound-Burial System of the Ahom Dynasty(2024) Mountain Railways of India(1999, 2005, 2008) Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi(1993) Rani-ki-Vav (the Queen’s Stepwell) at Patan, Gujarat(2014) Red Fort Complex(2007) Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka(2003) Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas(2023) Santiniketan(2023) Sun Temple, Konârak(1984) Taj Mahal(1983) The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement(2016) The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur(2010) Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai(2018) Natural sites Great Himalayan National Park Conservation Area(2014) Kaziranga National Park(1985) Keoladeo National Park(1985) Manas Wildlife Sanctuary(1985) Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks(1988, 2005) Sundarbans National Park(1987) Western Ghats(2012) Mixed site  Khangchendzonga National Park(2016)   UPSC CSE Prelims 2024: Consider the following properties included in the World Heritage List released by UNESCO: Shantiniketan Rani-ki-Vav Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas  Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodhgaya  How many of the above properties were included in 2023? Only one Only two Only three All four Answer: B             Rashtram Institute Rashtram Institute for Civil Services is destined to provide you the best curated content for civil services examination on both mains and prelims perspective. Follow us for more such content…. To register, call: 9964152111Seats are filling fast — register today and step into the exam hall with full confidence! Address: Jaynagar last, Bus Stop, Saptapur, Dharwad, Karnataka 580001

BRICS , Why in news?   17th BRICS Summit held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, under the theme “Strengthening Global South Cooperation for More Inclusive and Sustainable Governance”. Key Outcomes of 17th Summit: Indonesiaofficially joined BRICS, while Belarus, Bolivia, Kazakhstan, Cuba, Nigeria, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Uganda, and Uzbekistan were welcomed as BRICS partner countries. India will assume the BRICS Chairmanship the 18th BRICS summit in 2026 Global Governance Reform:BRICS backed expansion of the UN Security Council to include more permanent members from Asia, Africa, and Latin America for greater Global South representation, urged IMF and World Bank reforms to reflect Emerging Markets and Developing Countries’ (EMDCs)role, and supported a rules-based WTO.   l  Rio de Janeiro Declaration: Strengthening Global South Cooperation for a More Inclusive and Sustainable Governance. Peace and Security:BRICS reaffirmed “African Solutions to African Problems”, called for a Gaza ceasefire and two-state solution. BRICS leaders condemned the Pahalgam attack, and India stressed that terrorism must be rejected on principle, not treated as a matter of  Financial Cooperation: BRICS advanced talks on a Cross-Border PaymentsInitiative to reduce US dollar reliance, supported the New Development Bank’s expansion, and the BRICS Multilateral Guarantees (BMG) pilot to de-risk investments. Health and Social Development:BRICS launched the Partnership for the Elimination of Socially  Determined Diseases(Tuberculosis) to tackle health disparities.  About BRICS: The acronym ‘BRIC’was coined by British economist Jim O’Neill in 2001 to represent the emerging economies of Brazil, Russia, India, and China. BRICbegan functioning as a formal group during the G-8 Outreach Summit in 2006, held its first summit in Russia in 2009, and became BRICS with the inclusion of South Africa in   Members: Initial five Members- Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. Joined in 2024 – Iran, UAE, Ethiopia, Egypt Joined in 2025 – Indonesia (Saudi Arabia has not yet formalized its BRICS membership, while Argentina, initially expected to join in 2024, later opted out) Significance:  BRICS accounts for 45% of the world’s population and 37.3% of global GDP, surpassing the EU’s 14.5% and the G7’s 29.3%.  Initiatives of BRICS:  New Development Bank (2014),  Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA), BRICS Grain Exchange, BRICS Rapid Information Security Channel,  STI Framework Programme (2015) etc.           Rashtram Institute Rashtram Institute for Civil Services is destined to provide you the best curated content for civil services examination on both mains and prelims perspective. Follow us for more such content…. To register, call: 9964152111Seats are filling fast — register today and step into the exam hall with full confidence! Address: Jaynagar last, Bus Stop, Saptapur, Dharwad, Karnataka 580001

RED SEA   The Red Sea is a semi-enclosed, inlet (or extension) of the Indian Ocean between the continents of Africa and Asia. It is connected to the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean to the south through the Gulf of Aden and the narrow strait of Bab el Mandeb. The northern portion of the Red Sea is bifurcated by the Sinai Peninsula into the Gulf of Aqaba and the Gulf of Suez, where it is connected to the Mediterranean Seavia the famous Suez Canal. Formation of Red Sea: The Red Sea formed when Arabia split from Africa due to plate tectonics. This split started in the Eocene and accelerated during the Oligocene. The sea is still widening and it is considered that the sea will become an ocean in time. Salinity of the Red Sea: The Red Sea is one of the most saline water bodies in the world, due to the effects of the water circulation pattern, resulting from evaporation and wind stress. Salinity ranges between 3.6 and 3.8 percent.  The Red Sea water mass exchanges its water with the Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean via the Gulf of Aden. These physical factors reduce the effect of high salinity caused by evaporation and cold water in the north and relatively hot water in the south. Countries bordering the Red Sea: Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Sudan, Eritrea and Djibouti. Why Red Sea called as Red Sea? Its name is derived from the colour changes observed in its waters. Normally, the Red Sea is an intense blue-green; however, it is populated by extensive blooms of the algae Trichodesmium erythraeum, which, upon dying off, turn the sea a reddish brown colour. UPSC CSE Prelims 2024: Consider the following statements: The Red Sea receives very little precipitation in any form. No water enters the Red Sea from rivers. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2   Answer: C           Rashtram Institute Rashtram Institute for Civil Services is destined to provide you the best curated content for civil services examination on both mains and prelims perspective. Follow us for more such content…. To register, call: 9964152111Seats are filling fast — register today and step into the exam hall with full confidence! Address: Jaynagar last, Bus Stop, Saptapur, Dharwad, Karnataka 580001

UNIFIED PAYMENT INTERFACE (UPI) What is UPI? Unified Payments Interface (UPI) is a real-time digital payment system developed by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) that facilitates instant money transfers between bank accounts via mobile devices. Introduced in 2016, UPI transformed the digital payments landscape by enabling 24×7 fund transfers using mobile apps. Users can send or receive money seamlessly through a Virtual Payment Address (VPA), eliminating the need to share confidential bank details. Features of UPI: Anytime, Anywhere Transfers: UPI allows users to send money to any bank account 24/7, even on holidays and weekends. This ensures instant and smooth payments any time of the day, with no delays. One App, Many Banks: With UPI, there’s no need to juggle multiple banking apps. A single UPI-enabled app gives users access to all their bank accounts, making money management far more convenient. Versatile Ways to Pay: Whether it’s a mobile number, Virtual Payment Address (VPA), or account and IFSC code, UPI supports multiple methods to transfer money—offering flexibility to suit user preferences. Scan & Pay in Seconds: UPI supports seamless payments through QR code scanning, which has become the go-to method for paying at shops, markets, and even roadside vendors fast, secure, and touchless. Automate the Routine: With AutoPay on UPI, users can automate recurring transactions like electricity bills, OTT subscriptions, and EMIs—ensuring you never miss a payment again. Smart Peer-to-Peer Payments: UPI also enables users to request money or respond to collect requests from friends or service providers, making person-to-person transactions simple and effortless. New Features of UPI: Credit Line on UPI: It enables pre-sanctioned credit lines from banks via UPI. Earlier, only the deposited amount could be transacted through the UPI System. UPI Lite X: Users can both send and receive money offline through any compatible device that supports Near Field Communication (NFC). UPI Tap & Pay: It allows NFC-enabled QR codes at merchants to complete payments, with a single tap without entering the PIN. Conversational Payments: Hello! UPI: Users can simply give voice commands to transfer funds and input a UPI PIN to complete the transaction. List of countries where international merchant payments are accepted at select merchant outlets: Bhutan 2. France                      3. UAE Mauritius 5. Singapore 6. Nepal Sri Lanka Challenges Associated with UPI: Regulation: Expanding UPI to accommodate a global user base will require adhering to data protection, financial laws and regulations of different countries posing regulatory and compliance challenges. Dominance of Foreign owned UPI apps: Parliamentary panel’s report, ‘Digital Payment and Online Security Measures for Data Protection’ recently highlights that foreign entities like PhonePe and Google Pay dominate Indian fintech sector. Market share of PhonePe is 46.91% and Google Pay is 36.39% in terms of the transaction volume in October- November 2023, whereas for BHIM UPI it is 0.22%. Security and Fraud: Cybercriminals may exploit vulnerabilities in the system or use social engineering techniques to gain access to sensitive information leading to financial losses. Exchange Rates: Managing currency conversion and exchange rates while facilitating payments and loading money to the wallet poses a significant challenge for cross-border transactions. Lack of awareness: UPI remains a barrier to its widespread adoption especially among individuals with a lack of familiarity with digital payments, leading to financial fraud. NPCI: National Payments Corporation of India National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI), an umbrella organization for operating retail payments and settlement systems in India, is an initiative of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the Indian Banks’ Association (IBA) under the provisions of the Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007, for creating a robust Payment & Settlement Infrastructure in India. Considering the utility nature of the objects of NPCI, it has been incorporated as a “Not for Profit” Company under the provisions of Section 25 of the Companies Act 1956 (now Section 8 of the Companies Act 2013), with an intention to provide infrastructure to the entire Banking system in India for physical as well as electronic payment and settlement systems. The company is focused on bringing innovations to retail payment systems through the use of technology to achieve greater efficiency in operations and widen the reach of payment systems.   UPSC Prelims 2025: Consider the following countries: United Arab Emirates France III. Germany Singapore Bangladesh How many countries amongst the above are there other than India where international merchant payments are accepted under UPI? Only two Only Three Only Four All Five Answer: B Rashtram Institute Rashtram Institute for Civil Services is destined to provide you the best curated content for civil services examination on both mains and prelims perspective. Follow us for more such content…. To register, call: 9964152111Seats are filling fast — register today and step into the exam hall with full confidence! Address: Jaynagar last, Bus Stop, Saptapur, Dharwad, Karnataka 580001

Judicial Transfers & In-House Inquiry     Why in News? The Supreme Court Coallegium has recommended the transfer of Justice Yashwant Varma from the Delhi High Court to the Allahabad High Court. This came after reports of sacks of burnt currency found at his home. ⁠The Chief Justice of India (CJI) has also started an in-house inquiry into the matter.   What is a Judicial Transfer? Article 222 of the Indian Constitution allows the President to transfer judges from one High Court to another. This is done based on the advice of the Chief Justice of India. Consent of the judge is not needed.   Judicial Transfer Process in India: The Chief Justice of India (CJI) starts the process by proposing the transfer of a judge. His decision carries final authority. If a High Court Judge (not a Chief Justice) is being transferred, the CJI consults: The Chief Justice of the judge’s current High Court, and The Chief Justice of the High Court where the judge is to be posted. The CJI may also seek input from one or more Supreme Court judges familiar with the judge’s performance. If a Chief Justice of a High Court is being transferred, the matter is considered by the Collegium – the CJI and the four senior-most judges of the Supreme Court. Personal Factors Considered: The Collegium also reviews non-legal aspects, such as the judge’s health condition, family needs, location preference. Forwarding to the Executive: The Law Minister sends the Collegium’s recommendation to the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister advises the President, who formally approves the transfer. Once approved, the Department of Justice issues an official transfer order in the Gazette of India. The Chief Justices and Chief Ministers of the concerned states are informed about the transfer.   Removal of Judges: Under Articles 124 and 218, judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts can be removed by the President on grounds of “proven misbehaviour” or “incapacity”.   What is an In-House Inquiry? It is an internal process to check complaints against judges when the issue is not serious enough for impeachment.   When Did It Start? After a 1995 Supreme Court case: C. Ravichandran Iyer vs Justice A.M. Bhattacharjee The system was formally adopted in 1999   Steps in In-House Inquiry: Complaint is received by the CJI or a Chief Justice. If valid, a three-judge committee is formed (two CJs + one judge). The judge is given a chance to explain. Based on findings: Minor issue: Judge is warned. Serious issue: Judge may be asked to resign or retire. If refused, duties may be taken away or impeachment may be recommended. Rashtram Institute Rashtram Institute for Civil Services is destined to provide you the best curated content for civil services examination on both mains and prelims perspective. Follow us for more such content…. To register, call: 9964152111Seats are filling fast — register today and step into the exam hall with full confidence! Address: Jaynagar last, Bus Stop, Saptapur, Dharwad, Karnataka 580001

Supreme Court’s Landmark Verdict on Governor’s Assent to Bills: Reasserting Constitutional Morality and Federal Balance     In a historic verdict that could reshape the relationship between the executive and legislative arms in India’s federal framework, the Supreme Court has ruled decisively on the constitutional duties of the Governor and President in matters concerning assent to state legislation. The judgment stems from a petition filed by the Tamil Nadu government, which highlighted prolonged inaction by the Governor on several Bills passed by the State Assembly. This ruling is not merely a response to one state’s grievances but a vital reaffirmation of the principles of democratic governance, legislative supremacy, and responsible government enshrined in the Constitution.   Background of the Case Between November 2020 and April 2023, the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly passed a total of 13 Bills. Surprisingly, 10 of these Bills either received no communication from the Governor or were returned without clear constitutional justification. Subsequently, the State Assembly re-passed these Bills without making any substantial changes. Instead of granting assent as required under Article 200 of the Constitution, the Governor reserved the re-enacted Bills for the consideration of the President. This prolonged delay and refusal to act prompted the Tamil Nadu government to approach the Supreme Court, seeking judicial remedy against what it described as a violation of constitutional duty.   Key Takeaways from the Supreme Court Verdict Inaction by the Governor or President is Unconstitutional The Court categorically ruled that the Constitution does not provide for either a “pocket veto” (indefinite withholding of assent) or an “absolute veto” in the hands of the Governor or the President. Articles 200 and 201 prescribe a clear framework for how Bills should be dealt with by the Governor and the President, and prolonged inaction amounts to a breach of constitutional responsibility. Importantly, the Court noted that even though the Constitution does not prescribe a specific time frame for assent, an undue delay undermines the principles of parliamentary democracy and responsible government. In such cases, the aggrieved State may seek a writ of mandamus to compel action.   Re-enacted Bills Cannot Be Reserved Again The Court laid down an important principle regarding the re-passage of Bills. If the Governor withholds assent and returns a Bill to the State Assembly, and the Assembly passes it again without making material changes, the Governor must grant assent. The power to reserve such a Bill for the President’s consideration does not survive once the legislature reiterates its intent. However, an exception was noted: if the Bill is substantially altered during the second passage, the Governor may then reserve it for the President under Article 200.   Reasonable Timelines Mandated for Assent and Reservation While the Constitution remains silent on exact timelines, the Court took a pragmatic and judicially innovative step by prescribing reasonable time limits to ensure legislative efficiency:   Within One Month: Governor must decide whether to assent, withhold assent, or reserve the Bill. If a Bill is re-enacted by the legislature, the Governor must act within a month. Reservation based on the advice of the Council of Ministers should also occur within this time frame.   Within Three Months: If the Governor intends to reserve a Bill against the advice of the Council of Ministers, this must be done within three months. The President is also expected to act on reserved Bills within three months, and any delay must be communicated with justification to the State. These timelines are not constitutionally codified but serve as judicial benchmarks to ensure good governance and prevent executive arbitrariness.   Presidential Assent Subject to Judicial Review The Court went a step further in ensuring accountability at the highest level of the executive by holding that even the President’s decision to withhold assent to a State Bill is not immune from judicial scrutiny. If such a decision is found to be arbitrary, mala fide, or unconstitutional, it can be reviewed and potentially invalidated by the judiciary. This reinforces the supremacy of constitutional norms over executive discretion and ensures that legislative will is not obstructed without justification.   President Should Consult the Supreme Court Under Article 143 Another significant aspect of the ruling is the emphasis on consultative federalism. When the President reserves a Bill due to constitutional concerns, the Court held that the matter should be referred to the Supreme Court under Article 143, which empowers the President to seek the Court’s advisory opinion.   This provision serves two purposes: It brings constitutional clarity through judicial interpretation. It restricts the scope of executive discretion by ensuring judicial oversight. Although the President is not strictly bound by the advisory opinion, any deviation must be backed by clearly articulated and constitutionally sound policy reasons.   Constitutional Provisions Revisited Article 200: Governs the Governor’s powers to assent, withhold, return, or reserve State Bills. Article 201: Covers the President’s powers regarding reserved Bills. Article 142: Grants the Supreme Court authority to pass orders to secure complete justice. Article 143: Allows the President to seek the Supreme Court’s opinion on constitutional questions.   Implications for Indian Federalism and Democracy This verdict holds profound significance for Indian democracy. It reaffirms that: Elected legislatures are supreme in law-making within their domain. The role of the Governor is largely ceremonial, and not that of a parallel executive authority. Arbitrary delays or executive discretion in granting assent are antithetical to the principles of responsible government. Judicially prescribed timelines ensure prompt and predictable governance. Above all, the judgment is a powerful reminder that the Constitution is not merely a legal document but a living framework, demanding fidelity to democratic values and institutional responsibility.   To conclude, the Supreme Court’s ruling is a decisive intervention to prevent misuse of constitutional offices for political or bureaucratic obstruction. By curbing discretionary powers, reinforcing timelines, and reasserting judicial oversight, the Court has upheld the spirit of cooperative federalism and safeguarded the functional autonomy of State legislatures. This landmark verdict is not just a legal precedent – it is a vital corrective

Supreme Court’s Landmark Verdict on Governor’s Assent to Bills: Reasserting Constitutional Morality and Federal Balance In a historic verdict that could reshape the relationship between the executive and legislative arms in India’s federal framework, the Supreme Court has ruled decisively on the constitutional duties of the Governor and President in matters concerning assent to state legislation. The judgment stems from a petition filed by the Tamil Nadu government, which highlighted prolonged inaction by the Governor on several Bills passed by the State Assembly. This ruling is not merely a response to one state’s grievances but a vital reaffirmation of the principles of democratic governance, legislative supremacy, and responsible government enshrined in the Constitution. Background of the Case Between November 2020 and April 2023, the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly passed a total of 13 Bills. Surprisingly, 10 of these Bills either received no communication from the Governor or were returned without clear constitutional justification. Subsequently, the State Assembly re-passed these Bills without making any substantial changes. Instead of granting assent as required under Article 200 of the Constitution, the Governor reserved the re-enacted Bills for the consideration of the President. This prolonged delay and refusal to act prompted the Tamil Nadu government to approach the Supreme Court, seeking judicial remedy against what it described as a violation of constitutional duty. Key Takeaways from the Supreme Court Verdict Inaction by the Governor or President is Unconstitutional The Court categorically ruled that the Constitution does not provide for either a “pocket veto” (indefinite withholding of assent) or an “absolute veto” in the hands of the Governor or the President. Articles 200 and 201 prescribe a clear framework for how Bills should be dealt with by the Governor and the President, and prolonged inaction amounts to a breach of constitutional responsibility. Importantly, the Court noted that even though the Constitution does not prescribe a specific time frame for assent, an undue delay undermines the principles of parliamentary democracy and responsible government. In such cases, the aggrieved State may seek a writ of mandamus to compel action. Re-enacted Bills Cannot Be Reserved Again The Court laid down an important principle regarding the re-passage of Bills. If the Governor withholds assent and returns a Bill to the State Assembly, and the Assembly passes it again without making material changes, the Governor must grant assent. The power to reserve such a Bill for the President’s consideration does not survive once the legislature reiterates its intent. However, an exception was noted: if the Bill is substantially altered during the second passage, the Governor may then reserve it for the President under Article 200. Reasonable Timelines Mandated for Assent and Reservation While the Constitution remains silent on exact timelines, the Court took a pragmatic and judicially innovative step by prescribing reasonable time limits to ensure legislative efficiency: Within One Month: Governor must decide whether to assent, withhold assent, or reserve the Bill. If a Bill is re-enacted by the legislature, the Governor must act within a month. Reservation based on the advice of the Council of Ministers should also occur within this time frame. Within Three Months: If the Governor intends to reserve a Bill against the advice of the Council of Ministers, this must be done within three months. The President is also expected to act on reserved Bills within three months, and any delay must be communicated with justification to the State. These timelines are not constitutionally codified but serve as judicial benchmarks to ensure good governance and prevent executive arbitrariness. Presidential Assent Subject to Judicial Review The Court went a step further in ensuring accountability at the highest level of the executive by holding that even the President’s decision to withhold assent to a State Bill is not immune from judicial scrutiny. If such a decision is found to be arbitrary, mala fide, or unconstitutional, it can be reviewed and potentially invalidated by the judiciary. This reinforces the supremacy of constitutional norms over executive discretion and ensures that legislative will is not obstructed without justification. President Should Consult the Supreme Court Under Article 143 Another significant aspect of the ruling is the emphasis on consultative federalism. When the President reserves a Bill due to constitutional concerns, the Court held that the matter should be referred to the Supreme Court under Article 143, which empowers the President to seek the Court’s advisory opinion.   This provision serves two purposes: It brings constitutional clarity through judicial interpretation. It restricts the scope of executive discretion by ensuring judicial oversight. Although the President is not strictly bound by the advisory opinion, any deviation must be backed by clearly articulated and constitutionally sound policy reasons. Constitutional Provisions Revisited Article 200: Governs the Governor’s powers to assent, withhold, return, or reserve State Bills. Article 201: Covers the President’s powers regarding reserved Bills. Article 142: Grants the Supreme Court authority to pass orders to secure complete justice. Article 143: Allows the President to seek the Supreme Court’s opinion on constitutional questions. Implications for Indian Federalism and Democracy This verdict holds profound significance for Indian democracy. It reaffirms that: Elected legislatures are supreme in law-making within their domain. The role of the Governor is largely ceremonial, and not that of a parallel executive authority. Arbitrary delays or executive discretion in granting assent are antithetical to the principles of responsible government. Judicially prescribed timelines ensure prompt and predictable governance. Above all, the judgment is a powerful reminder that the Constitution is not merely a legal document but a living framework, demanding fidelity to democratic values and institutional responsibility. To conclude, the Supreme Court’s ruling is a decisive intervention to prevent misuse of constitutional offices for political or bureaucratic obstruction. By curbing discretionary powers, reinforcing timelines, and reasserting judicial oversight, the Court has upheld the spirit of cooperative federalism and safeguarded the functional autonomy of State legislatures. This landmark verdict is not just a legal precedent – it is a vital corrective to ensure that India’s constitutional machinery works in harmony with its democratic ethos.

Judicial Transfers & In-House Inquiry   Why in News? The Supreme Court Collegium has recommended the transfer of Justice Yashwant Varma from the Delhi High Court to the Allahabad High Court. This came after reports of sacks of burnt currency found at his home. ⁠The Chief Justice of India (CJI) has also started an in-house inquiry into the matter.   What is a Judicial Transfer? Article 222 of the Indian Constitution allows the President to transfer judges from one High Court to another. This is done based on the advice of the Chief Justice of India. Consent of the judge is not needed.   Judicial Transfer Process in India: The Chief Justice of India (CJI) starts the process by proposing the transfer of a judge. His decision carries final authority. If a High Court Judge (not a Chief Justice) is being transferred, the CJI consults: The Chief Justice of the judge’s current High Court, and The Chief Justice of the High Court where the judge is to be posted. The CJI may also seek input from one or more Supreme Court judges familiar with the judge’s performance. If a Chief Justice of a High Court is being transferred, the matter is considered by the Collegium – the CJI and the four senior-most judges of the Supreme Court. Personal Factors Considered: The Collegium also reviews non-legal aspects, such as the judge’s health condition, family needs, location preference. Forwarding to the Executive: The Law Minister sends the Collegium’s recommendation to the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister advises the President, who formally approves the transfer. Once approved, the Department of Justice issues an official transfer order in the Gazette of India. The Chief Justices and Chief Ministers of the concerned states are informed about the transfer.   Removal of Judges: Under Articles 124 and 218 , judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts can be removed by the President on grounds of “proven misbehaviour” or “incapacity”.   What is an In-House Inquiry? It is an internal process to check complaints against judges when the issue is not serious enough for impeachment.   When Did It Start? After a 1995 Supreme Court case: C. Ravichandran Iyer vs Justice A.M. Bhattacharjee The system was formally adopted in 1999   Steps in In-House Inquiry: Complaint is received by the CJI or a Chief Justice. If valid, a three-judge committee is formed (two CJs + one judge). The judge is given a chance to explain. Based on findings: Minor issue: Judge is warned. Serious issue: Judge may be asked to resign or retire. If refused, duties may be taken away or impeachment may be recommended. Rashtram Institute Rashtram Institute for Civil Services is destined to provide you the best curated content for civil services examination on both mains and prelims perspective. Follow us for more such content…. To register, call: 9964152111Seats are filling fast — register today and step into the exam hall with full confidence! Address: Jaynagar last, Bus Stop, Saptapur, Dharwad, Karnataka 580001